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Procedure 1
Copper II Sulfate Pentahydrate loses water molecules when heated. Copper II Sulfate Pentahydrate is CuSO4.5H2O, with five water molecules per copper sulfate molecule. Heated copper sulfate becomes anhydrous (CuSO4).
This technique reduces bulk by evaporating water molecules. Copper II Sulfate Pentahydrate loses its water molecules and becomes anhydrous copper sulfate, a chemical transition.
If mishandled, copper II sulfate pentahydrate can cause irritation, burns, and other health issues, making this experiment dangerous. Copper sulfate can hurt if inhaled or ingested. Copper sulfate releases sulfur dioxide, a respiratory irritant, when heated. Hence, donning protective gear, employing a fume hood, and properly disposing waste are crucial.
Procedure 2
Heating NaCl in water is a physical change without chemical reactions or new compounds. Heat makes water molecules flow faster, which dissolves NaCl crystals in water. NaCl crystals form as the solution cools and water molecules slow down. NaCl dissolves and reforms without chemical change.
Solubility facilitates solid-liquid separation. NaCl is water-soluble. NaCl crystallizes as the solution cools because its solubility diminishes. Recrystallization uses solubility differences to separate solids and liquids.
As NaCl is common and harmless, boiling it with water is safe. Working with hot liquids or glasses can cause burns, so be careful. NaCl can irritate the skin and mucous membranes; therefore, avoid inhaling or swallowing it. Finally, according to local legislation, experiment trash should be disposed of carefully.
Procedure 3
The video in Procedure 3 shows that a burning splint atop the test tube would extinguish the flame. The test tube produces CO2, a non-flammable gas that won’t burn. Baking soda and vinegar react to produce carbon dioxide, gas, and water.
Baking soda and vinegar react to produce carbon dioxide gas. The acid-base reaction produces sodium acetate, carbon dioxide, and water from vinegar’s acetic acid and baking soda’s sodium bicarbonate. Exothermic reactions emit heat.
Baking soda and vinegar are non-toxic. Thus, this experiment is safe. Nonetheless, they should be handled carefully, avoided inhaling or eating, and kept away from open fires or other ignition sources. The experiment should be done in a well-ventilated location to avoid suffocating on carbon dioxide gas.
Procedure 5
Silver chloride precipitates from Silver Nitrate and Sodium Chloride solutions (AgCl). This precipitation reaction is twofold displacement. Silver cations in the silver nitrate solution react with chloride anions in the sodium chloride solution to form solid silver chloride and solution sodium nitrate. This reaction produces silver chloride, an insoluble ionic chemical. It precipitates as a white solid.
Dangers Silver nitrate and sodium chloride are dangerous if handled improperly. Silver nitrate, a strong oxidizer, can burn, irritate, and harm the skin and eyes. Large doses of sodium chloride can cause irritation or damage. Solid silver chloride is produced when these two chemicals react, which can injure skin and eyes. So, these compounds must be handled carefully, protected, and disposed of according to local legislation.
Procedure 6
Hydrochloric acid (HCl) reacts with zinc metal to create hydrogen gas (H2) and aqueous zinc chloride (ZnCl2). This single displacement process produces hydrogen gas and zinc ions in solution from zinc metal and hydrochloric acid hydrogen ions.
This reaction produces H2, a colorless, odorless, and extremely flammable gas. Holding a lit splint or burning wooden stick near the test tube’s mouth can demonstrate hydrogen gas production. Hydrogen gas reacts with oxygen in the air to pop, indicating its presence.
Dangers If mishandled, hydrochloric acid can cause serious skin and eye irritation, burns, and other health risks. Zinc metal is less toxic, although excessive doses can be detrimental. Handling hydrogen gas improperly can cause fires or explosions. Thus, handle these compounds carefully, wear safety gear, and conduct the experiment in a well-ventilated environment away from ignition sources.